Q\u00eb nga mjek\u00ebsia e deri tek eksplorimi i hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs dhe historia e jet\u00ebs n\u00eb Tok\u00eb, pothuajse \u00e7do aspekt i shkenc\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb prekur nga nj\u00eb zbulim i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm k\u00ebt\u00eb vit. M\u00ebnyra t\u00eb reja jan\u00eb zhvilluar p\u00ebr t\u00eb trajtuar disa nga s\u00ebmundjet m\u00eb vdekjeprur\u00ebse, nd\u00ebrsa shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt jan\u00eb futur edhe m\u00eb thell\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00ebn mikroskopike t\u00eb atomeve, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar bazat e jet\u00ebs son\u00eb. Vet\u00ebm muajin e fundit, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e Agjencis\u00eb Hap\u00ebsinore Evropiane kan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb ulet nj\u00eb anije kozmike n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e nj\u00eb komete, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb ajo po udh\u00ebtonte n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. Ja, 5 arritjet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme shkencore t\u00eb 2014-s!<\/p>\n
1. Ulja n\u00eb komet\u00eb
\nShkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt ul\u00ebn nj\u00eb anije kozmike n\u00eb nj\u00eb komet\u00eb p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb n\u00ebntor, fal\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Agjencis\u00eb Hap\u00ebsinore Evropiane. Pasi kaloi 10 vjet duke udh\u00ebtuar n\u00ebp\u00ebr sistemin diellor, anija kozmike Rozeta preku m\u00eb n\u00eb fund tok\u00ebn e komet\u00ebs Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
\nKy moment shkakoi shum\u00eb psher\u00ebtima leht\u00ebsimi n\u00eb qendr\u00ebn e kontrollit t\u00eb misionit, n\u00eb Darmstadt t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb. N\u00eb fakt, projekti ishte shum\u00eb i shtrenjt\u00eb dhe nuk kishte garanci se do t\u00eb funksiononte. Shpresohet q\u00eb Rozeta do t\u00eb d\u00ebshifroj\u00eb disa nga sekretet e universit, t\u00eb Sistemit ton\u00eb Diellor, mbase edhe t\u00eb jet\u00ebs n\u00eb Tok\u00eb. Anija do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb vitin q\u00eb vjen duke ndjekur komet\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb ajo i afrohet diellit, duke kaluar dhe analizuar pjes\u00ebza t\u00eb ndryshme, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjen e tyre.
\n2. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00ebz e re e atomit
\nMegjith\u00ebse emri i tij mund t\u00eb duket i m\u00ebrzitsh\u00ebm, mezon Ds3*(2860) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga pjes\u00ebzat m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb materies t\u00eb zbuluara deri m\u00eb sot, e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb kuark dhe nj\u00eb antikuark. Zbulimi i tij mund t\u00eb na b\u00ebj\u00eb t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb si jan\u00eb formuar pjes\u00ebzat m\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore t\u00eb universit ton\u00eb. Kjo pjes\u00ebz \u00ebsht\u00eb zbuluar nga shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e P\u00ebrplas\u00ebsit t\u00eb Madh t\u00eb Hadron\u00ebve (pjes\u00ebz), CERN, n\u00eb Gjenev\u00eb dhe mendohet se do t\u00eb jap\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna p\u00ebr forcat natyrale q\u00eb mbajn\u00eb t\u00eb bashkuar b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn e atomit. N\u00eb tetor, mbi 800 autor\u00eb u bashkuan p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpallur zbulimet e tyre p\u00ebr mezon Ds3*(2860) dhe studimet tani po vazhdojn\u00eb p\u00ebr \u201ct\u00eb transformuar kuptimin ton\u00eb\u201d mbi nd\u00ebrveprimin e fuqish\u00ebm, forc\u00ebn thelb\u00ebsore q\u00eb ndodhet nd\u00ebrmjet protoneve t\u00eb nj\u00eb b\u00ebrthame.
\n3. Nj\u00eb enzim\u00eb, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb korrigjoj\u00eb genet tona
\nKy \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb subjektet m\u00eb t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm, q\u00eb i ndan shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt n\u00eb dysh. A duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00eb njer\u00ebzit, q\u00eb t\u00eb korrigjojn\u00eb genet e njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb? P\u00ebrfitimet mjek\u00ebsore jan\u00eb t\u00eb qarta, sepse mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrohen s\u00ebmundjet e trash\u00ebguara n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet geneve. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, disa kan\u00eb frik\u00eb nga kjo fuqi q\u00eb vihet n\u00eb duart e njer\u00ebzve. Ka prind\u00ebr q\u00eb do t\u00eb duan t\u00eb zgjedhin tiparet e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre, gj\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shihet si t\u00eb luash rolin e Zotit. Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, shkenc\u00ebtarja amerikane q\u00eb ka zbuluar enzim\u00ebn n\u00eb fjal\u00eb, t\u00eb quajtur CRISPR\/Cas9, \u00ebsht\u00eb l\u00ebvduar p\u00ebr kontributin e saj n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e gjenetik\u00ebs dhe thuhet se mund t\u00eb marr\u00eb \u00e7mimin Nobel. Duke studiuar nj\u00eb grup enzimash t\u00eb disa bakterieve, Xhenifer Dudna gjeti se secila prej tyre mund t\u00eb ngjitej pas disa geneve specifike t\u00eb nj\u00eb qenieje t\u00eb gjall\u00eb. Kjo \u00e7oi n\u00eb shpikjen e enzim\u00ebs CRISPR\/Cas9, e cila jo vet\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb e aft\u00eb t\u00eb njoh\u00eb ADN-n\u00eb e njeriut, por edhe ta ndryshoj\u00eb at\u00eb.
\n4. Rrezatimi
\nTeoria e Big Bang-ut supozohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb shkaku i ekzistenc\u00ebs son\u00eb, shpjegimi shkencor i jet\u00ebs n\u00eb Tok\u00eb. Nj\u00eb nga konceptet n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj teorie \u00ebsht\u00eb ai i zmadhimit kozmik, i cili thot\u00eb se universi p\u00ebsoi nj\u00eb zgjerim t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb triliard\u00ebn sekond\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tij dhe q\u00eb prej asaj kohe, ka vazhduar t\u00eb zgjerohet. P\u00ebr t\u00eb testuar k\u00ebt\u00eb teori, nj\u00eb grup shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebsh vajt\u00ebn n\u00eb Polin e Jugut, n\u00eb nj\u00eb mision t\u00eb quajtur bashk\u00ebpunimi BICEP2, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin ata p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn nj\u00eb teleskop p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar drit\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb vrojtohet n\u00eb bot\u00eb.
\nN\u00ebse zgjerimi kozmik \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet m\u00ebnyra se si ka filluar universi, kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb mbetur rrezatime kozmike n\u00eb qiell, val\u00eb t\u00eb energjis\u00eb gravitacionale q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna se \u00e7far\u00eb ka ndodhur n\u00eb fillimin e koh\u00ebrave. Para disa koh\u00ebsh, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt than\u00eb se kishin gjetur sinjalin t\u00eb cilin k\u00ebrkonin: Nj\u00eb vizatim n\u00eb qiell, t\u00eb shkaktuar nga rrezatimi, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb tregues i zgjerimit kozmik. Deri tani, ekzistojn\u00eb disa dyshime p\u00ebr vler\u00ebn e rezultateve dhe metod\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdorur, por k\u00ebrkimet vazhdojn\u00eb.
\n5. Vaksina kund\u00ebr kancerit
\nN\u00eb maj, studiuesit e klinik\u00ebs Majo, n\u00eb SHBA, arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb sh\u00ebronin nj\u00eb grua nga nj\u00eb kancer gjaku, i cili deri tani konsiderohej si nj\u00eb form\u00eb e pash\u00ebrueshme. Kjo u b\u00eb e mundur duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb asaj nj\u00eb doz\u00eb t\u00eb madhe vaksine kund\u00ebr fruthit. Kaq i lart\u00eb ishte p\u00ebrqendrimi i virusit n\u00eb vaksin\u00eb, sa do t\u00eb mjaftonte t\u00eb mbronte 10 milion\u00eb njer\u00ebz nga fruthi. Shpejt pask\u00ebtaj, doktor\u00ebt zbuluan se trupi i saj ishte krejt\u00ebsisht i lir\u00eb nga kanceri q\u00eb dukej se do t\u2019i jepte fund jet\u00ebs s\u00eb gruas. Drejtuesi i k\u00ebrkimeve, Stefen Ras\u00ebll, e p\u00ebrshkroi k\u00ebt\u00eb gj\u00eb si nj\u00eb \u201cpik\u00eb referimi\u201d. \u201cNe e dim\u00eb prej shum\u00eb koh\u00ebsh q\u00eb mund ta fusim virusin n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet en\u00ebve t\u00eb gjakut dhe t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrojm\u00eb kancerin me metastaza te minjt\u00eb, por nuk e kishim provuar m\u00eb par\u00eb te njer\u00ebzit\u201d, tha ai. K\u00ebshtu pra, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb vaksin\u00eb me virus mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebroj\u00eb nj\u00eb tip kanceri, duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb edhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb n\u00eb luft\u00ebn kund\u00ebr kancerit.<\/p>\n